Research of the techniques

Unit 18 Cinematography

Research into cinematography and film noir

The pictures below show examples of different types of techniques within photography. 

Rule of thirds: This is when 3 objects within the image create a triangle. As above the finger and the top people in perspectives heads.

Frame inside a frame. This is a shot of multiple frames appearing inside each other as well as showing the depth of field off each pillar on the left moving from the cameras position. 

Frame within a frame. Another frame inside a frame using the bars to create depth to see where each frame connects and ends.

Diagonals, this is where an object in the image appears to go from one side of the image to another moving diagonally across. 

Triangles, within this image the actual material triangles create triangles between themselves linking through the black triangle in the middle. 

Leading lines, this draws the attention towards something, in this image it directs the viewer to look out to the roof and through to the sky. 

Depth, the foreground shows the pillar which sets the foreground from the background giving the image depth, not only this but the more of an object you can see the more you can interpret and as you are able to see 3 sides of the pillar you can differentiate between the fore and background easily. 

Framing this has 3 frames within each other. 

Diagonals, this representation has a leading line as well as a diagonal, in particular this image cuts across the image at a very straight angle however by drawing the attention to the end of the image it makes the wall appear as a diagonal. 

Diagonals. in this image the wall is sloping down leading off into the distance on the right this creates depth as well as leads the viewer to the open area in which someone would move towards. 

Frame inside a frame. The tree creates a frame which is then replicated with the next tree along.

Rule of thirds, in this image each box represents each dot of the triangle by placing each focal point in the top centre of each box.

This is a diagonal.

Low angle shot from a distance makes the box appear just below the name of the bar

Low angle diagonal, this is an example of two diagonal going across the image as well as the low angle shot creating some nice depth above the focal point.

LO1: Cameras and camera settings

Yr13 Digital Media Cinematography  

1. Depth Of Field
   
   

Depth of field is the space between the nearest and furthest object and the focus. The smaller the depth of field the blurrier the non-focal point is creating areas for the viewer to look at.  

2. Aperture and f.stops 

The iris of the lens controls the size, aperture blocks or stop light with exception of the light that goes through it. When the aperture is widened the pictures become blurrier, this is with exception of where the focus is this doesn’t change. 

ISO 

3. ISO is the sensitivity of the camera is to light this is how much light is let in to help light up the image, the lower the number the lower the sensitivity to the light entering the camera. The more the sensitivity the more the image becomes grainy and noisy.  

4. 
   

4. Shutter speed 
   Shutter speed depicts the amount of time before the shutter closes, this is measured in fractions of a second. The slower it is the more the light gets into the sensors which helps with shooting shots within dark places and dimmed lights whereas when it is fast it helps with keeping up with fast moving shots in which it can pin point and freeze areas throughout the fast motion as its quick captures.  
5. 
   
   
6. Frame rate
7. Frame rates are usually set to around 24fps for cinematic scenes and sometimes 50fps for when sports are recorded. A crop sensor is a full frame sensor which is similar to a film frame.
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Cameras

Panasonic AG-AC8PJ

The Panasonic AG-AC8PJ is a standard camera, it is a light weight camera in comparison to the others. It however is a little difficult to use handheld however it does shoot well with shoulder mounts with the newer technology they are using.

Canon XA20

The canon XA20 offers a light weight camera that records well in low light as well as having very good image stabilisation. It like most other cameras has auto focus and manual as well as having a good depth of field.

Sony HXR-NX3/1

Another is the Sony HXR-NX3/1 this is a good for handheld camera work due to it's frame, it is easy to use to take shots from far away, it can 40X zoom and keep a clear image making it great for far away shots.

Holding the AV and the wheel shown allows you to change to ISO to alter the images perception. Changing the ISO changes how sensitive the camera is to light. The aperture can also be changed which effects how much light can enter the lens within the frame.  

The pal setting is Phase Alternating Line is a colour coding system that produces 25 frames per second and is the most common system to use and is used in multiple countries. 

This tries to balance the settings to make the image look as close to the human eye as possible, is has low hue and saturation so as to prevent it looking like a vivid image and more like how the human eye perceives things.

Pull focus
This is where the camera focus is focusing on something in either the foreground or background within the shot and then switches focus to the opposite, either foreground or background respectively.
 https://10obrienlqeglincs.files.wordpress.com/2015/10/focus-pull-s-wm.jpg

Lenses

Standard lens 50mm

This is used for midd range focus this is also the standard lens as it's the closest thing to one of the human eyes meaning the images it produces appear natural to us. they usually have a fixed focal length and wide aperture making them suitable to use in low light. 

Wide angle lens 

These lenses are from 24mm-35mm, they are mostly used for landscapes as you can fit the whole image within the picture as well as interiors to get the perspective of the size of the rooms.

Ultra wide angle

8mm-24mm these are some time used for fisheye lens which distort the image to make it look as thought the image bends. The lens is usually used for scenery and artistic shots as it can hold so much in one image.

Telephoto

85mm-135mm lenses, these have long foal lengths which allow for a lot of magnification, this allows the user to take moderately far photos. 

LO2: lighting techniques

lights

Open faced lights: these are lights in which are used for projecting light to a single spot, its commonly used as key lights.

Fresnel lights: these are commonly used in film as it evens out light so you have a wide spread of equal light preventing spots in which the scene is brighter.

Panel and flood lights: these have no lens but they pour lights onto the scene these are efficient so they require less power to generate a lot of light.

Practicals: these are lights in the shot that produce light anyway such as street lights candles or lamps.

One point lighting is lighting in which one light is in the scene and that one light points directly on the point of focus, this can be from any angle as long as there is clear emphasis from one light source on the focal point.

There is also three point lightning which is 3 lights set around a single focal point in which the 3 sets of lights are hitting the focal point from different angles, this makes the image more and more 3d as it allows the audience to see more angles of the focal point and there is emphasis on most sides of the focal point rather than only one.

In these pictures there is 3 point lighting being used from behind the camera and left and right lights moving to the centre of the image. The more angles light covers the more of someone or something you can see, the more you have the more 3D an image looks as it pulls the object of focus away from the background.

Here is a 3 point lighting setup in which the camera has been lowered as well as the lights, this allows for a brighter and more luminous feel to the image. This is another example of how the lights are able to pull someone away from the background. 

The lights in use caused changes in brightness within the picture which meant that the camera exposure had to be changed constantly. By changing the exposure to light in the camera it changes the brightness the final image is taken in.

This is one point lighting however there is a reflective panel on the right of the object in the image which reflects the light from the opposite side of the initial light on the left of the object.

Here is a single light from the left. This creates a darkness around the front of the face as the light hits the focal point from behind. This creates shade across the face and can be used in darker scenes within a movie and or photo.

This is one light which is angled upwards to create a large backing shadow. This is done with a theatre Fresnel at the bottom of the image it is direct light so it produces a shadow whereas flooded light from an LED panel produces light in a big area of soft light. 

LO3: Plan and storyboard the recording of a cinematic scene

LO4: Recording cinematic footage

LO5: Edit and post production